Road traffic played an important role in the infrastructure construction plan of the French colonialists in Vietnam. That role is reflected in both military and economic aspects. Road traffic in the colonial society was divided into colonial roads, regional roads, infiltration roads, provincial roads, etc. In which, colonial roads were of national and transnational importance, which connected the Indochinese countries. This article aims to study colonial roads in Vietnam in the period 1884-1918. The main aspects examined include the description and evaluation of changes in the colonial road situation over the two periods namely 1884-1897 and 1897-1918, and the initial assessment of the effect of the improved road system on the French colonial rule and Vietnamese social life.