The composition of fish species in the Ngan Pho River basin, Huong Son district, Ha Tinh province, was studied from 2020 to 2022. The study aims to evaluate the diversity of fish species and their situation of exploitation in the area. Our results have found 78 species of fish distributed in 8 sampling points in the basin. Forty-eight fish species have been identified as high economic value, of which 16 species were found to be cultivated. Combined with the results of previous research, we have determined 107 fish species belonging to 72 genera of 20 subfamilies and 29 families belonging to 11 orders in the Ngan Pho River basin. Moreover, 39 species were discovered for the first time distributed here. In addition, some species were not reencountered during the field survey, including marine species migrating for food, such as Echidna polyzona, Ophichthus microcephalus, and Pisodonophis boro. They are possibly impacted by anthropogenic factors such as sand exploitation along the basin and changes in the flow from the Lam River estuary to the La River tributary and then to the Ngan Pho River.